301. Behaviour of Cylindrical Welded Steel Tanks Supported on Pad Foundation over Reclaimed Land

Development of tank farm over reclaimed land requires advanced geotechnical knowledge, good engineering judgement as well as suitable instrumentation system for achieving practical and economical design of tank foundation system and timely completion of project. This paper describes the methodology of geotechnical study and engineering analysis for constructing large scale steel tanks on reclaimed land underlain by poor soils at the southern island of Singapore using pad foundation. Discussion on the design method/criteria, engineering consideration and hydrotests of these cylindrical welded steel tanks is presented in this paper. The behavior of foundation soil monitored by using settlement profilers, inclinometers, piezometer, settlement points and heave markers during hydro-testing period is also described.

302. Measurement of Displacement and Stress in Gravel Soil

When an inclinometer is installed within gravel soil, the measured deformation may not be representative of the global deformational behavior, as it is frequently controlled by the presence of local gravel. Meanwhile, a reliable earth pressure measurement depends on the installation skill, essentially when the cell is installed in gravel soil. To evaluate the influence of local deformation, inclinometers have been installed in gravel soil and in concrete column, respectively. The deformation measured from these inclinometers were then compared, to determine which measurement is acceptable. The results of comparison indicate that the measurement, obtained from the inclinometers installed in gravel soil, is often interfered by the local gravel and hence is not acceptable. For the inclinometers installed inside concrete column, the measurement appears to be consistent and reasonable and, is thus recommended. For the pressure cell, a method is presented based on several unsuccessful trials in installation. The variation of lateral earth pressure during the excavation process is then obtained. The results indicate that the lateral earth pressure is very little when the excavation process is completed. The interlock of the gravel skeleton may account for this phenomenon.

303. Construction Characters of Taipei Airport Underpass Project and Automatic Instrumentation System Application Instruction

The Sung-Shan Airport, as where it is located, has been a significant obstacle to the north-south traffic in Taipei. Therefore the Construction Department of the Taipei Municipal Government has planned the Fu-Shin North Road Underpass, aiming at breaking through the thoroughfare for the inbound traffic from Shuang-shi, Tah-chi, and Nei-hu area to the East District of Taipei. However, existing topographic constraints required the underpass to start from the north end of the Fu-shin North Road, jointly constructed and going underground with the TMRT Mu-cha Line, then resurfaced at the intersection of the Pin-Chiang Street and the Tah-Chi Bridge, adjacent to the north boundary of the airport. Within such an extremely short distance, the underpass goes to as much as 22 m underground then rises to ground level, the vertical distance between the main structure and the runway is only 4 m as the closest, increasing the potential to damage to the runway during construction. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the very first underpass project underneath an airport in operation, it is necessary to control construction activities so as not to endanger aviation safety under any circumstance, and to maintain normal airport operations. The importance of safety management system, to monitor construction and provide real-time feedback, thus becomes obvious. Hence, this article is to briefly introduce the project and planning of automatic safely monitoring system.

松山機場的座落位置對台北市南北向交通形成極大的阻隔，為此台北市政府工務局新建工程處乃規劃復興北路穿越松山機場地下道工程，以期疏通雙溪、大直及內湖地區進入台北市東區之交通。然而受限於現有地形，本車行地下道南起復興北路北端，與捷運木柵線以共構方式一同降入地下，再與機場北側濱江街與大直橋頭交接之現有平面道路銜接，在此極有限之距離內，降入地下最深達22公尺後再往上爬昇，以致主體結構與機場跑道面的垂直距離最淺處僅為4公尺，施工對跑道之影響明顯增加；而本工程為目前已知首件穿越營運中機場之地下道工程，必須確保及掌控施工活動不致對機場飛航安全造成影響，並維護機場正常營運，因此工程執行時如何即時掌控工程影響與反應之安全管理系統，也就更顯出其重要性。為此，特為文介紹本工程的內容與自動化安全監測系統之規劃。

304.

營建管理方式近年來隨著工程規模、性質及複雜性而有很大之演變，傳統工程執行方式已無法滿足所需，如何藉由更彈性之管理方式達成計畫之進度、預算及品質目標需求，為目前營建管理極力發展之課題。其中專業營建管理(PCM)制度即為目前一項重要發展方向，期藉由專業營建經理人之各項專業管理長才，代理業主統籌組織工程團隊、協調與溝通整個工作流程─包括從工程可行性、規劃、設計、發包、施工至機能運轉移交等各階段之參與及整合，以圓滿達成業主既定目標。亦由於專業經理人之全方位掌控工作流程，對工程整體狀況的了解，故可適時的採用重疊併行作業(Fast-Tracking)方式進行發包及施工，以動態的推動工程進度。然有鑑於國內完整執行PCM及Fast-Tracking 精義之工程並不多見，故乃為文介紹一以PCM 與 Fast-Tracking 應用於工期緊迫之實際工程案例─ 美國電話電報公司台灣新辦公室整合工程之專案執行方式與狀況，並探討PCM與Fast-Tracking 應用之相關問題，以供工程界相關工程營建管理方式之參考。

305. Observed Behaviour of a Deep Excavation in Taipei

This paper summarises the observed behaviour of a well-instrumented deep excavation in Taiwan, the BL12 underground station on the Nankang Line of Taipei Mass Rapid Transit System. The 16m deep excavation was retained by diaphragm walls, and also was internally braced by seven levels of struts. The major focus of this paper is on the lateral deflection of retaining wall, the associated ground settlement and heave, and the variation of pore pressures and prop loads during excavation.

306. Tunnel

The term of "tunnel" is defined. Also discussed are immersed tunnels, micro-tunnels, special tunneling techniques, the largest shield machine, the longest tunnel, etc.

307. Ground Improvement for NATM Tunneling in Soft Ground

A section of twin tunnels, with a diameter of 6.4m and a total length of 98m, in the Nankang Line of the Taipei Rapid Transit Systems was constructed using the NATM method. The subsoils in which the tunnels are buried are young sediments and are very weak in strength. Ground treatment was necessary for maintaining the face stability during tunneling. Jet grouting was applied and the performance of the two tunnels was quite different because of the different conditions encountered. For the up-track tunnel, ground treatment was successful and settlements were well within 30mm. On the other hand, ground settlements above the down-track tunnel reached 240mm because of the poor treatment due to the presence of utilities. Excess ground movements called for additional temporary supports and the use of soil nails. With considerable efforts, the tunnel was completed without accidents.

台北都會區捷運系統南港線CN256B標之隧道係位於忠孝東路與基隆路口下方，西側銜接CN256標潛盾隧道，穿越基隆路車行地下道下方後，往東與CN257標之市政府站(BL13)西端連續壁銜接，上下行隧道全長共約98m，開挖直徑為6.4m，中心深度約於地表下13.5m，兩隧道中心距約20m，採新奧工法施工。因所處地層多屬軟弱粘土層，故以地盤改良為穩定地層輔助工法。本文中依序說明基地地層與地下水壓狀況、施工概況、地盤改良、隧道開挖及安全監測系統等。由觀測資料得知南側(上行)隧道開挖構築期間，因開挖區地層之地盤改良效果佳，施工引致之最終地面沉陷僅約30mm，北側(下行)隧道則因該區地下管線縱橫密佈，地盤改良作業施作不易，致其地盤改良效果不佳，於鏡面破除及隧道開挖初期，地層曾一度有明顯沉陷情形，頂拱及支堡基腳亦相繼有過量下陷，隧道有淨空不足現象發生。後於原支堡間各增設一對臨時性支堡補強，並在開挖面前方上緣，及兩側支堡腳底部打設鋼管加勁，以阻隔滑動面及提高支堡支承力。淨空不足部份則於支堡間依序進行刻槽、架設支堡、噴漿而後再挖除侵入部份，經採上述補強措施後，本隧道得以安全、順利完成開挖及內襯砌構築作業，並且地面最大沉陷量控制在240mm以內。

308. Information System for the Safety of Construction of Rapid Transit Systems

It is vitally important to maintain the safety of construction of rapid transit systems which usually call for deep excavations in densely populated areas with very poor ground conditions. It is equally important to protect adjacent structures and properties along the routes during construction and instrumentation and monitoring are routinely carried out to achieve the purpose. This paper discusses how traditional instrumentation program shall evolve to take advantages of the rapid advancement of modern technology.

309. Influence of the Chelungpu Fault on a Highway Bridge Foundations and Countermeasure

The Gi-Gi earthquake on 21 September 1999 caused by the movement of the Chelungpu fault in Taiwan had made severe damages to some bridge foundations of a highway that is under construction at Nan-Tou County in central Taiwan. Because the superstructures had not been placed yet and only the piles and part of the pile caps and piers had been completed at that time, the dynamic interactions between the piles and the ground are mainly kinematic interaction with little inertia effects. An extensive pile integrity investigation by coring of the piles was conducted to investigate the damages of the piles and to judge whether the pile can still be used. This paper discusses the damages of the piles found in the investigation, the influence of the damages to the performance of the piles, and the countermeasure.

310. A Retrofitting Design of Yen Fon Bridge in Central Taiwan after Chi-Chi Earthquake

311. Case Study on Soil Liquefaction of Chi-Chi Earthquake in Yuan-Lin

Chi-chi earthquake, with a magnitude of 7.3 (Ritcher scale), not only caused severe damages to bridges and buildings, but also resulted in soil liquefaction in many areas in central Taiwan. The Yuan-Lin in Chang-Hua County suffered extensive damages, including soil liquefaction, subsidence, settlement and tilt of buildings, lateral movement of ditches, etc. This article presents the process and analysis methods for liquefaction during Chi-Chi earthquake in Yuan-Lin, including site investigation and back analysis result. The liquefaction potential using SPT method and CPT method varies a lot, but the tendency is quite similar. Generally speaking, the results calculated by Seed’s method incorporated with liquefaction potential index well match the field evidence caused by liquefaction. It is considered that Seed’s method is the most suitable one in this study of liquefaction in Yuan-Lin in Chi-Chi earthquake.

921集集大地震之芮式規模高達7.3，不僅對橋樑和建築結構等造成重創外，地震當時，台灣中部更有許多地方產生土壤液化現象，其中又以員林地區之大區域土壤液化最為嚴重且最廣為人知，而現場之液化現象包括有地表噴砂、地層下陷、建築物沉陷、建築物傾斜和溝渠等構造物水平側移等。本文將以員林地區集集大地震之液化評估為例，介紹土壤液化之評估流程與方法，包括現場之地質調查結果以及液化潛能之回饋分析，經比較SPT-N法和CPT法所計算出之液化潛能指數，其變化趨勢雖然類似，但數值差異卻很大，整體而言，以Seed方法配合液化潛能指數(PL)的評估結果與現地液化表徵的分布最為一致，即在本次員林地區集集大地震案例回饋分析中的表現最佳。

312. Taipei Airport Underpass Project Construction manager Instruction

興建壹座車行地下道穿越營運中機場的主跑道及滑行道對於營建管理技術是壹項嚴峻的挑戰，其中最關鍵的任務是確保飛航的安全並維持機場的營運。本文以台北市復興北路穿越松山機場地下道工程為例，闡述如何經由施工方案的選擇以及發包策略的運用先確立技術層面的可靠度與可行性，然後再透過任務編組的管理組織體系藉助工程現況即時通報系統以及自動化監測系統執行各項安全管理作業，以達成上述的任務。計畫全程的營建管理作業雖然以安全為依歸，但是管理系統的建構及推動是基於品質保證的觀念，可以作為爾後類似工程的參考。

313. Looking ahead - Geotechnique Goes High Tech

This paper discusses how geotechnical engineers shall adapt to the rapid advancement in technology and what can be expected in the years to come. It covers automation, database management, geographic information system, remote sensing, and global positioning system, etc., leading to final goal of Internet-engineering. Emphasis is on the use of Internet and web technology to facilitate information sharing with the aim of improving the quality of works and productivity.

314. Behavior and Performance of Deep Excavation in Residual Soils Near Sensitive Structures

This paper describes the behavior of ground and adjacent structures observed by various types of instruments during substructure construction of a 15-storey hospital extension with 3 to 4 level of basement located in close proximity to the existing old hospital ward block, road and MRT tunnels. Discussions on the characteristics of ground/structure movements and comparison between observed and predicted movement values are also presented in this paper.

315. A Case History on Damages to a Tunnel due to Adjacent Excavation

The segments of a tunnel in the Taipei Rapid Transit Systems were damaged due to excavation carried out nearby. The response of this tunnel to the excavation is discussed.

台北捷運板橋線其中一段潛盾隧道，自隧道結構體完成後，有兩個深開挖工程先後在其附近施工，後來發生隧道內仰拱混凝土與環片分離，以及隧道頂部環片出現裂紋之情形。本文依據各項監測儀器量測結果，評估相關施工活動對隧道的影響，並探討隧道受損事件發生的原因。評估結果顯示，造成隧道受損的主因為南側工地開挖引致地盤擾動所造成。文中對鄰近開挖造成地盤擾動的延伸範圍及位移遲滯反應的現象，有進一步的說明，並對類似工程監測儀器之選擇、配置和管控，提出回饋建議，期供深開挖工程對既有潛盾隧道保護的參考。

316. Case Histories on Application of Ground Improvement in Tunneling and Building Protection - TRTS Experience

Ground improvement has been adopted for ground movements during shield tunneling and as a building protection meausre during the construction of the Taipei Rapid Transit Systems. Discussed herein are the effectiveness of various techniques, including jet grouting, compaction grouting, secondary grouting and fracturing grouting.

一般而言，捷運工程都會有相當長的路段是在地下興建，而且工程內容包含深開挖、隧道及各式基礎，所以是大地工程師可以發揮長才之地。而由於大多數的都會區都是位於沖積層之上，地質軟弱，地下水位高，有賴地盤改良以為輔助方能順利施工。台北盆地之地質軟弱不亞於其他都會區，在台北捷運施工過程中，自然有相當多應用地盤改良工法之案例，足為日後施工之參考。地盤改良可以討論的子題甚多，限於篇幅，本文僅能就其成效進行探討，而不對工法本身進行介紹。事實上，『地工雜誌』有好多期專刊專門介紹各式地盤改良工法，這方面的資料己經相當豐富，勿庸重複。地盤改良在捷運工程之應用基本上可分為止水、改善土壤強度以及扶正建物等三種用途。而以施作對象而言，又可分為：開挖、隧道及建物。本文僅針對隧道段的地盤改良進行探討，其中包括隧道段建物保護措施的介紹。

317. Case histories on application of ground improvement in tunneling and building protection - TRTS experience

Ground improvement was widely adopted in constructions of TRTS as a measure of building protection. Discussed herein are the schemes adopted in different contracts for deep excavations and shield tunneling.

一般而言，捷運工程都會有相當長的路段是在地下興建，而且工程內容包含深開挖、隧道及各式基礎，所以是大地工程師可以發揮長才之地。而由於大多數的都會區都是位於沖積層之上，地質軟弱，地下水位高，有賴地盤改良以為輔助方能順利施工。台北盆地之地質軟弱不亞於其他都會區，在台北捷運施工過程中，自然有相當多應用地盤改良工法之案例，足為日後施工之參考。地盤改良在捷運工程之應用基本上可分為止水、改善土壤強度以及扶正建物等三種用途。而以施作對象而言，又可分為：開挖、隧道及建物等三類。本文將針對深開挖與隧道段的地盤改良進行探討，其中包括隧道段建物保護措施的介紹。

318. Introduction of The Selection of Foundation Type for High-Rise Building Foundation

Buildings in Taiwan are getting higher and higher recently due to the economic growth. Meanwhile, the foundations of high-rise buildings are more and more important. In addition to matching up geologic and construction environment condition, the superstructure types and cost economical considerations are important evaluation factors for high-rise building foundations. Two case studies about overseas high-rise building foundations are also introduced to provide references in selection of high-rise building foundation.

近來國內高樓興建高度有逐漸增加之趨勢，建築物基礎所扮演的角色隨之日趨重要，除了地質狀況及基地施工環境的配合外，上層建築結構分佈及施工成本之考慮亦是重要的因素。本文中透過兩個國外在高樓基礎選擇之案例介紹，以作為工程界在高樓基礎型式選擇上之參考。

319. Geotechnical Engineering and Infrastructure Development

Four major infrastructure projects in Taipei and Bangkok were discussed to illustrate the importance of geotechnical engineering in any infrastructure development in terms of safety and economy. The four projects are the Taipei Rapid Transit Systems, the Taipei Airport Underpass, the Bangkok-Chonburi New Highway and Ground improvement of the Second Bangkok International Airport. They were selected not only because of the mega size in terms of construction cost but also because of the complexity or uniqueness of the project. Emphasis has been placed on the importance of adequate and reliable subsurface information, appropriate selection of analysis principles and construction methodology/details, ability to copy with variation in ground conditions and timely interpretation of field performance data.

本文以四個案例從經濟和安全的觀點來討論大地工程在基礎建設中之重要性。這四個案例包括台北市捷運系統、台北市復興北路機場車行地下道、泰國曼谷至瓊普瑞快速公路及曼谷第二國際機場。這四個案例不單在工程規模上是超大型計畫並且各具特色。討論重點包含土壤調查資料之可靠性、分析模式與施工方法之選擇、對土壤變化之應變能力以及對監測資料之及時分析與應用。

320. Geotechnical Engineering in Infrastructure Development

Four major infrastructure projects in Taipei and Bangkok were discussed to illustrate the importance of geotechnical engineering in any infrastructure development in terms of safety and economy. The four projects are the Taipei Rapid Transit Systems (TRTS), the Taipei Airport Underpass, the Bangkok-Chonburi New Highway (BCNH) and Ground improvement of the Second Bangkok International Airport (SBIA). They were selected not only because of the mega size in terms of construction cost but also because of the complexity or uniqueness of the project. Emphasis has been placed on the importance of adequate and reliable subsurface information, appropriate selection of analysis principles and construction methodology/details, ability to copy with variation in ground conditions and timely interpretation of field performance data.

321. Response of a Taipei Rapid Transit (TRTS) Tunnel to Adjacent Excavation

During the construction of the Taipei Rapid Transit System (TRTS) tunnels, a section of tunnel in the Panchiao Line was damaged as a result of adjacent excavation. Cracks appeared in reinforced concrete segments, the concrete slab on the invert was displaced and detached from the segments. The event is a valuable case history for establishing criteria regulating excavations to be carried out adjacent to existing tunnels.

322. Retrofit/Repairs of a Damaged Bridge for Seismic Loading

This paper described how a damaged river bridge caused by the Chi-Chi earthquake was inspected and retrofited, with consideration on the impact of the new revised code to the existing bridge structure in the light that the structure was actually designed and built in 1984. Comparison was also made between the old design approach and the new revised code requirements.

323. Applications of GIS in Civil Engineering

Considerable efforts are required in compiling basic information for the planning of infrastructures and such efforts are repeated by various engineers. Therefore various agencies in the central government have established databases to enable various organizations to obtain up-to-date information. Introduced herein are the databases for environmental geology and slopeland management by the Central Geological Survey of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, transportation network by the Construction and Planning Agency of the Ministry of Interior, construction management by the Public Construction Commission.

繼80年代個人電腦的蓬勃發展帶動了第二次產業革命之後，90年代網際網路的風行又將資訊科技推向了另一個高潮。網際網路不但無遠弗屆、縮短了人與人的距離，而且穿州越府，毫無阻礙。電腦科技給人們帶來無比的方便，促進了各行各業的突飛猛進，但也加速了弱肉強食、汰舊換新的激烈競爭。在這動盪的時代，工程界自然也應急起直追，迎頭趕上，體質不良，競爭力不足的公司在物競天擇的環境中難免遭到淘汰的命運。但是坦白來講，工程界在電腦科技的應用上，似乎遠落在人後，不但不能與電子業相提並論，與其他行業，如銀行業、航空業、物流、房屋仲介等相比亦瞠乎其後。以工程界人才之盛，年產值之大，理應不致如此，其原因值得三思。這或許與營造業長期的不景氣有觀，由於前景看淡，業者自然對研發工作興趣缺缺。工程界中之主流：營造業一向被視為帶動經濟的火車頭，景氣之復蘇有賴政府大力推動基礎建設，但是進入WTO之日不遠，如果營造業的競爭力不能提升，即使政府能大量投資，也只有將巿場拱手讓與外人，面對跨國公司之競爭，國內營造業更應急起直追，加速自動化，立足台灣，放眼世界，在國際間一爭短長。由於資訊系統的建立不需龐大的投資，而其效果可以立竿見影，及時顯現，而且其成果可以為廣大使用者共享，有加乘效應，所以營建自動化應以地理資訊系統之建立做為第一要務。在這方面，從業同仁的努力固然重要，但也需要政府的積極鼓勵與推動，尤其是資訊之整合尤其需要政府的介入，制定規格，使大家有所遵循。否則可能各行其是，不但力量分散，更難達到資源共享的目的。遠在20年前，政府即已經瞭解到資訊系統是基礎建設中相當重要的一環，因此積極推動『國土資訊系統』，可是受限於人力、物力以及軟硬體，成果不如預期。但在今日，無論是在硬體方面或者是在軟體方面，都有長足的進步，而工程界中電腦人才濟濟，推動國土資訊的建置時機已經成熟。而事實上，近年來，各級政府也陸續推出多個大型資料庫的建置，也有實際的應用。相信在這次研討會中幾位先進對地理資訊系統會作明確的定義，也會對目前在進行中的大型計畫作詳盡的介紹。

324. The Effectiveness of Jet-Grout Slabs and Partition Panels in Restricting Wall Movements in Deep Excavation

This paper presents observations made at some well-instrumented deep excavations during the construction of the Taipei Rapid Transit Systems. Jet-grout slabs and in-situ cross-walls were used inside these excavations to reduce the lateral displacements of the retaining walls. Based upon these case histories, the effectiveness of these two types of support systems in restricting lateral displacements of retaining walls for deep excavations in soft clay is assessed.

325. The Design of Spring Supported Floor for Rotary Printing Presses

Rotary printing press introduces imbalance force on the supporting floor and causes periodic vibrations that impair printing quality of the press. Appropriate application of spring isolators with damping can reduce the system response and ensure printing quality. In the fall of 1999, Moh and Associates, Inc. was chosen by a newspaper corporation to design the spring supported reinforced concrete floor of printing presses in an existing frame structure. The main objective of the design, in addition to providing static loading capacity, is to fulfill the limitation of vibration velocity of the floor required by the press manufacturer. This paper describes details of the mentioned analyses and design. In addition, results of measurements of vibration behavior during operation of press are discussed and compared with those of numerical analyses. With the construction of Taiwan High Speed Railway, the vibration caused by high-speed train at the nearby Hi-Tech plants (e.g. FAB.) becomes a prominent issue in Taiwan. Research institutes and consulting firms are putting more and more effort on structural vibration problems. The experience and knowledge obtained from such projects together contribute to further development of research and design of vibration isolated structures.

326. A Case Study Stabilization Work to Unstable Crib Wall in Residual Granite

Many retaining structures built in early 1970's for supporting steep earth faces were found to be suffering from movement/failure which may be attributed to improper control in the selection of filling materials, poor drainage system and inadequate surface protection, etc. This paper describes the investigation, temporary and permanent stabilization works carried out to an existing 5 m to 7 m high RC crib wall which retained a sloping ground with an overall height ranging from 8 m to 11 m in close proximity to an existing road and houses in the Bukit Timah Granite formation in Singapore.

327. Geotechnical Retrospect of the Taipei Rapid Transit System

Major part of the 88km priority network of the Taipei rapid transit system was completed in stages and started in operation in 1997. The residents of the Taipei Metropolis now highly rely on this convenient mode of transportation, which effectively eased the surface traffic load as well as improved regional transportation conditions. A major part of the TRTS is underground. Various geotechnical problems were encountered during design and construction due to the existence of extensive soft alluvial subsoils and presence of a highly permeable gravel layer underneath. This paper describes the underground construction of the TRTS and the importance and contribution of the Geotechnical Engineering Specialty Consultant (GESC). Several of the representative geotechnical related failures were reviewed.

台北捷運初期路網自1997 年陸續完成通車以來，逐漸成為大台北地區民眾高度依賴的交通工具，並有效紓解了尖峰交通時段的地面交通流量，對區域交通條件的改善有著重大貢獻。捷運初期路網沿線多屬地下隧道段，因此於施工期間曾因台北盆地深厚之軟弱土層以及其下具高透水性之景美礫石層等地層之工程特性，而面臨各種大地工程問題。本文主旨系對台北捷運地下施工作一概述，並回顧探討具代表性之大地工程施工災害和解決方案。

328. A Case Study of 32m-Deep Excavation in Soft Ground

As a result of rapid development in the City of Taipei in the past decade, land has become scarce and new developments tend to go higher and higher. On the other hand, basements tend to be deeper and deeper to satisfy the demand for parking spaces. Building protection has thus become an important issue for nearly all the new developments and various means have been attempted to reduce damaging potential of excavations to adjacent buildings. It has been found that in the cases studied, the use of buttresses reduced diaphragm wall deflections by 40%. The case history serves as a valuable reference for future underground constructions.

近十幾年來，台北市發展迅速，人口集中，土地使用率也相對提高，因此建築物除了愈蓋愈高外，為了解決停車問題，地下室也愈挖愈深。本文主要係以目前台北市大面積開挖深度最深之建築案例進行探討，本案例以施作扶壁式連續壁進行改良，以提高擋土結構物之勁度，經比對基地連續壁側向位移之監測結果顯示，施作扶壁側之連續壁可降低約40％之無扶壁側連續壁最大側向位移量，對於鄰房保護具顯著之改良成效，謹提出本案例並期供日後類似工程之參考採擇。

329. From Cobra Swamp to International Airport - the Ground Improvement at Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The construction of Suvarnabhumi International Airport has been planned since 1960 to accommodate the rapid growth of air traffic in this region. The 41 years project was finally approved for the construction by the Thai Government in 1991 and is scheduled to open in December 2004 with capacity to deal with 30 million passengers and 1.46 million tons of cargo per year. Due to the underlying high compressibility and low strength soft marine clay, ground improvement is necessary to reduce the post-construction settlement prior to the permanent airport facilities construction. Two ground improvement projects as "Airside Pavements" and "Landside Road System" are currently being implemented at the new airport site. This paper discusses the design concept, construction method, and up-to-date ground improvement performance of both projects.

330. Field Reconnaissance and Preliminary Assessment of Liquefaction in Yuan-Lin Area

The Chichi earthquake, with a magnitude of (Ritcher Scale) 7.3, struck central Taiwan in the early morning of 21 September, 1999 at 1:47 am, and caused wide damage not only in the central region but as far as the whole Taiwan island. More than 2,300 people died in this big disaster. The Yuan-Lin area in ChangHua County suffered extensive damage including settlement and inclination of buildings and roads due to liquefaction. This article presents the results of field reconnaissance of the liquefaction affliction. Several locations, including obvious phenomenon of sand boils on the ground and inclination or settlement of the roads and buildings due to liquefaction were photographed and marked on the map. Nonetheless, without obvious sand boils on the ground do not mean that there is no liquefaction happened underground. In order to determine possible areas where liquefaction could take place, extensive evaluation must be undertaken. The records of liquefaction affliction presented in this article will provide correlative information for further assessment and analyses of the liquefaction problem, and thus to assist in determining liquefaction potential in the entire Yuan-Lin area.

民國88年9月21日淩晨1：47分發生的集集大地震，地震規模高達7.3，造成2300多人因而喪生，災情極為慘重。其中彰化縣的員林地區發生土壤液化現象，道路及建築物沉陷傾斜情形嚴重。本文為彰化縣員林鎮現地踏勘及訪談里村長和居民之土壤液化現狀調查成果，除將地表有明顯液化表徵及道路建物有明顯因土壤液化發生沉陷傾斜者予以拍照記錄外，並依現狀調查結果，將其位置或範圍標示於圖上。惟若地表如果沒有明顯表徵，並不表示深層土壤沒有液化情形之發生，實際土壤發生液化可能分佈範圍，則仍宜經由現場鑽探、試驗，以及液化評估分析比對後，方可獲得較可靠的結果。本文中有關土壤液化災情之記錄，將供後續進一步利用地質調查結果，進行液化評估及分析比對時之參考資料，以建立本地區之液化潛能分區。

331. Diseno Del Puente La Amistad de Taiwan, Rio Tempisque; Design of Taiwan Friendship Bridge River Tempisque, Costa Rica

Taiwan Friendship Bridge spans over Tempisque river connecting the tourist attraction area, Nicoya Peninsula, to mainland Costa Rica. It is an important landmark at the Guanacaste area and upon completion, it will significantly improve tour business and transportation flows and hence strengthens the economic developments of Costa Rica. This 780 meter long and 13.3 meter wide bridge includes two design sections: a 260 meter cable-stayed bridge on the west side, and a 520 meter composite box-girder bridge on the east side. The cable-stayed bridge is orchestrated with a single H-type pylon and nine cables in each side spanning asymmetrically to present a volcano-like landmark. This section spans over the deepest part of river with a height clearance of 10 meter for safe shipping navigation. The composite box-girder bridge, consisting of reinforced concrete deck and open steel box-girder, is arranged into eight 65-meter spans. It stretches over the shallow side (east) of the river and maintains a clearance at least 5 meter to clear the high tides from Nicoya Gulf. Since the bridge site is in a strong earthquake zone, the seismic design has been considered specially to comply with the Seismic Code of Costa Rica (1986), other than the Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges of AASHTO (16th Edition). Base on the investigated geo-technical information, casing pile foundation and caisson (pylon only) are selected to provide the required bearing capacity. To minimize risk and the environment impact during construction, the Segmental Launching Technique is recommended for the erection of main girders. Temporary piers will be used to launch the girders and ease the difficulty of erection and adjustment of the cables.

332. Prospective on Introduction of Light Rail System into Taiwan

The introduction of light rail system into Europe, America, Japan and former communist countries can be traced back to early nineteenth century. Currently there are 438 light rail or streetcar systems in operation around the world, comprising 70% of the total urban rail transportation systems. Light rail system that could fill the technical gap between metro and bus with respect to capacity and applicability is one of the key components of urban public transportation hierarchy. In-depth research and discussion on light rail system were quite latest in Taiwan due to different development background and legal framework, however people in the cities cannot wait for long. Therefore this paper aims at facilitating understanding of the definition, application and issues in the introduction of light rail system by providing case review and statistics, that in term will help cumulate the momentum for further implementation actions.

輕軌運輸系統在歐美、日本及前共產國家的應用已經超過170年，目前世界上營運中的電車及輕軌系統達438個，佔全部城市軌道運輸系統數目的百分之七十。而在運能及適用性方面，輕軌運輸系統也彌補了高運量捷運與公共汽車之間的技術空檔，是城市公共運輸系統不可或缺的一環。我國台灣地區由於不同的發展背景及法律架構，直至近幾年才對輕軌運輸系統有較深入的研究與討論，但許多城市已有推動的迫切性，因此本文針對輕軌運輸系統的背景、應用及執行面的相關課題提出數據或案例，以協助了解並進而促成後續推動力量的凝聚。

333. Establishment of GIS Network for Civil Engineering

Planning and design of infrastructures require a large quantity of information which is kept in many different organizations. Compilation of the data collected demand considerable manpower and clarification is a very time consuming effort. It is therefore urged that the central government shall collect and maintain such information and made it available to engineers via internet.

歷經十數年來的努力，國土資訊的推動已由政策宣導到實務面的廣泛推動，逐漸顯示其成效，尤其近年來資訊科技一日千里，不論在軟體的功能及硬體的設備上，都有神速的進步，以往推動國土資訊時所遇到軟體價格高昂、硬體速度不足以及記憶體容量限制等障礙，已迎刃而解。同時，由於各界的大力推動，地理資訊系統已經應用到各行各業，而國土資訊的觀念也已普及至各級政府，為大家所接受、並積極支持。公共工程是政府施政的重點，每年公共工程的預算有數千億之多，其執行成效受到全民的矚目，直接影響到百姓對政府的滿意度，是以各級政府之工程主管單位無不積極引進最新資訊科技，以簡化行政流程並將業務標準化，以提升效率、掌握進度並且降低成本。在工程性質日益複雜、工程數量日益增多的情形下，傳統管理資訊系統已不符所需。由於圖形化的資訊親和力強、易於瞭解及使用，整合空間資訊與管理資訊為一體的地理資訊系統已成為各業務主管單位的最佳管理工具。目前地理資訊系統在中央級政府主管單位中已廣為應用，也逐漸普及到縣巿地方政府，所以其發展空間仍是相當寬廣。尤其是網際網路之蓬勃發展，推波助瀾，對地理資訊系統之推動有加乘作用。以下謹就地理資訊系統在工程方面之應用略抒淺見，其內容著重於對縣巿級政府推動地理資訊系統之建議。

334. Safety Control for Development Adjacent to Existing MRT Structures and Observed Field Performance

It is the great concern of the local authorities of Singapore in controlling the effects of adjacent construction activities on existing MRT structures for ensuring smooth operation and public safety. Code of Practice for Railway Protection has been implemented by the Development & Building Control (DBC) Department of Land Transport Authority (LTA), Singapore to safeguard the existing MRT structures against possible detrimental effects induced by any construction activities within the Railway Protection Zone. This paper describes the requirements to be complied by the engineers in the planning, investigation, design and construction of any development within the Railway Protection Zone. Precaution/protective measures commonly adopted in the construction control of selected projects and the behavior of ground and MRT structures observed by various types of instruments during adjacent construction works will be presented in this paper.

335. Ground Improvement as a Measure for Protecting Adjacent Buildings-TRTS Experience

Protection of buildings adjacent to underground works has always been a serious concern, especially for rapid transit systems which normally call for deep excavations and tunneling in the immediate vicinity of existing buildings. Much efforts have been made in the construction of the Initial Network of Taipei Rapid Transit Systems in an attempt to minimize problems with adjacent buildings and, as a result, very few buildings were damaged. The poor ground conditions, however, necessitated special measures to be taken in critical cases. This paper discusses the effectiveness of various ground improvement techniques adopted with case histories presented. The data given herein will be valuable reference for the future constructions.

336. Instrumentation and Monitoring for Taipei Rapid Transit Systems

It is vitally important to maintain the safety of construction of rapid transit systems which usually involve deep excavations in densely populated areas with poor ground conditions and Taipei Rapid Transit System (TRTS) is no exception. To achieve this purpose, more than 30,000 pieces of instruments were installed and more than 20 million sets of readings were taken during the construction of the Initial Network of TRTS. These instrument readings were processed at a data center which was managed by the Geotechnical Engineering Specialist Consultants engaged by the project owner automatically and warnings were issued whenever irregularities were detected. A sophisticated software system was developed for the purpose and it has been proved to be efficient and effective. However, with the rapid advancement in computer technology, it is anticipated that a more powerful software system can be developed using the GIS technology so other relevant information such as location map, ground conditions and progress of construction can be displayed at the same time. Furthermore, such information can be shared by various parties, wherever they are, via internet. This will enable preventive actions to be taken in time should adverse situations happen and the potential risk of accidents to be reduced.

337. Ground Settlements over Tunnels Affected by Loss of Compressed Air Pressures

A section of twin tunnels was constructed by using the NATM method with compressed air as an auxiliary measure for maintaining face stability. Compressed air pressure was reduced from 1.2 bar to 0.4 bar following an incident in which a sinkhole was made as a result of air leakage and erosion of soil. In a second incident, compressed air dropped to 0.2 bar in 12 hours during a power breakage. Considerable ground settlements were observed in these two events. This paper analyzes the ground settlements incurred and estimates what the ground settlements would be without these two incidents.

338. A Comparative Study of Performance During Excavation using Various Ground Improvement Methods at Lot 259C

A comparative study of performance using various ground improvement methods was carried out at a number of typical sections during underground structure excavation at lot 259C of the Taipei Mass Rapid Transient System. Back analyses of the diaphragm wall deformations during excavation were performed for assessing the sensitivity of subsoil parameters and effects of ground improvement, as well as obtaining reliable subsoil parameters. With the soil parameters obtained through back analyses, a reasonable agreement exists between back-analyzed and monitored diaphragm wall deformations. Relationship of monitored diaphragm wall deformations, and adjacent ground surface settlement was then studied and compared using a number of predictive models. The adopted ground improvement measures for lot 259C was concluded to be effective in protecting adjacent buildings based on monitoring data.

339. Automation in Mapping of Environmental Sensitive Geological Features

As population grows and lands become scarce, developments tend to stretch to hill slopes and natural hazards, such as landslides and debris flow, frequently result in losses of lives and properties. It will thus be helpful to identify those areas which are particularly vulnerable to environmental factors, such as rainfalls, earthquakes, etc. so precautionary or preventive measures can be taken to avoid disasters from happening. Natural hazards usually can be related to geological features and their potential risks can be assessed if sufficient information is available. A geographic information system has been developed to compile geological data which are contributing factors to nature hazards and to compute the environment sensitivity indices of different areas. Based on these indices, areas with high risk can be located and maps can be prepared with these areas properly identified.

由於坡地開發與日俱增，近年來肇因邊坡破壞所引起的災害已造成相當大的損失。姑且不論邊坡破壞原因究竟為天然因素或人為因素，事實上從過去案例可知，大部分都發生在地質較脆弱區域。因此，利用既有之環境地質資料，快速篩選出環境地質敏感度較高之區域，並提供較完善之防範措施或避免其開發行為，自然可將災害降至最低。本系統開發之目的係利用己建立的山坡地地質環境基本資料，運用地理資訊系統空間分析功能及電腦快速計算能力，快速而有效的篩選出環境地質敏感度較高之區域，以提供規劃國土開發利用及研擬防災與減災措施之參考。

340. Ground Subsidence Caused by Shield Tunneling for the Taipei Mass Rapid Transit Systems

This paper summarizes and discusses ground subsidence caused by shield tunneling for the Taipei Mass Rapid Transit Systems. The settlements observed were evaluated for different geological zones in the Taipei Basin. The results show that the averages of the ground loss (v%) varied from 0.4% to 1.4%. Except in some curved sections and Zone C of south section of the Chungho Line, the ground losses were found less than 1%. The averages of long-term consolidation settlement indices (α) ranged from 2 mm to 9 mm. Among these consolidation settlement indices, those in Zone K1 appeared relatively high due to the presence of thick clay layers. The experience learned could be used for the designs or construction of other similar projects in the Taipei basin or in other areas with similar geological conditions.

本文綜整台北捷運系統初期路網潛盾隧道工程之監測資料，探討在台北盆地不同的地質分區，各潛盾工程的施工表現。分析結果顯示於立即沉陷階段的土壤漏失率(ν%)，分佈在0.4~1.4%之間，除部份曲線段和中和線南端的C區外，都在1%以下；長期沉陷的壓密沉陷指數(α)，分佈在2~9mm之間，其中以具深厚粘土層之K1區數值較大。本文綜整之台北捷運潛盾施工經驗，應可供在類似施工條件下，潛盾工程設計施工之參考。

341. Subway Engineering

The history of subway is introduced with the four phases of implementation, i.e., feasibility study, planning, design and construction, briefly discussed.

342. 1999 Chi Chi Earthquake of Taiwan

A devastating earthquake, namely, Chi Chi Earthquake (or Ji Ji earthquake in some literatures), with a magnitude of Ms = 7.6 (Richter Scale by USGS) or ML =7.3 by Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan, struck central Taiwan at 01:47 on 21 September, 1999 (17:47, 20 September, UCT). Death toll reached 2,434 and there were 54 persons missing, 723 persons seriously injured and 11,306 minorly injured. In addition, there were 51,925 buildings col1apsed and 54,402 buildings seriously damaged. Presented herein are structural and geotechnical issues of the earthquake, including damages to bridges and buildings, landslides and liquefaction problems, etc. Also discussed are the recovery and reconstructions subsequent to the earthquake and the improvement made to the mitigation programs to prepare for future earthquakes.

343. Urban Geological Problems in Taiwan

As population grows and lands become scarce, developments tend to expand to areas in which ground conditions are not favorable, such as hill slopes and swamps. Slope failure and ground subsidence are thus two common geological problems associated with urbanization. Presented herein are the measures taken in the City of Taipei to deal with these problems. Also discussed are the problems faced in design and construction of underground structures. Although the paper only quotes the City of Taipei as examples, some of the problems discussed are nevertheless fairly common to other urban areas on Taiwan.

344. Smoke control and evacuation system for MRT stations

The fire prevention system for Taipei Rapid Transit Systems has been much improved over the past years as the Initial Network was completed. This paper discusses the architectural design, value engineering, system tests, and management of the system.

排煙系統在消防之立場而言係屬消極性措施，然其重要性在火災初期卻是不可或缺之一環，它除將煙限制蓄積在火災發生之區域並由區域內排煙口排除外，其最主要目的係控制煙之蔓延，爭取地下車站內之人員逃生時間及提供清楚之逃生路徑。台北捷運系統在排煙系統規設上，歷經早期路線(木柵、淡水、新店及中和線)的初期規劃理念期、近期路線(南港及板橋線)的改進期及後續路線(新莊、蘆洲及信義線)因增設月台門對地下車站之排煙系統的因應，台北捷運局及台北捷運公司相關專業人士，已集國內各設計顧問公司設計成果並與消防單位充分討論後施行的精華，著有諸多論述。本文擬從另一個角度，在建築技術與空間使用、價值工程、設計基礎、性能驗證、緊急應變、變更管理及乘客教育等方面，來探討捷運車站站體的煙控及避難系統等設計課題，並就教於先進。

345. Dewatering for Underground Constructions

The dewatering schemes adopted in Contract CT201F, CP261 and CP262 for handling groundwater problems are discussed.

地表空間日趨不足已是城市都會區必然之現象。因此，人們無不竭盡所能地朝地球更深處爭取更多可資利用的空間，以補地表之不足。隨著人們生活範圍的擴大，工程技術也面臨地下化的挑戰。而地下水攸關地下工程之成敗，在台北市區當開挖深度超過26m時，就可能因景美礫石層之測壓水位過高而造成上舉破壞，有必要採取防護措施以策安全。在台北市都會區捷運系統（簡稱台北捷運）施工時，板橋線之CP261、CP262標以及淡水線之CT201F標（參考圖一及圖二）即曾採用降水工法以降低景美層之水位，深開挖得以順利進行。本文之重點有四：（1）介紹降水理論，（2）介紹實作案例，（3）探討景美層之水理參數，以及（4）討論降水對鄰近地區地下水水位及地表沉陷之影響。文中引用公式甚多，公式中所提及之常數、變數及參數一併納入本文末尾之「定義」中，以方便讀者。在使用這些常數、變數及參數時，時間及長度之單位必須一致，不能混淆。

346. A GIS System for Corridor Studies and Planning of Transportation Networks

Transportation networks and road systems are important for improving quality of living and reducing the differences between urban and rural areas. However, system planning of transportation networks and road systems requires data which are managed by various parties and are mostly not current. Furthermore, data managed by different parties are frequently inconsistent in format and in content. As a result, the results of studies are frequently questionable. To solve the problem, the Construction and Planning Administration of Ministry of Interior initiated a program to compile all the data required into a web-based GIS system and develop application modules so studies can be carried out in a scientific way and with data of better quality. In addition to existing road systems, the database contains geographic, social, economical, environmental, and ecological information in the 18 living circles on the Taiwan Island and Pong Hu Island. It involved a tremendous effort to collect these data and convert them into formats compatible to the NGIS standards. There are 11 application modules developed for corridor studies and system planning of road systems and parking facilities and optimization of traffic flows on streets. This paper presents the structure of this GIS system and illustrates the usages of its application modules.

道路系統建設乃是提升地方生活品質及縮短城鄉差距的手段之一，亦是各地方政府極力爭取的建設項目。有鑒於此，內政部營建署在推動生活圈道路系統建設計畫時，對長期需求、交通之改善措施、停車場之興建、計畫道路之規劃以及資金來源等都會作通盤考量。然而往往因各項基本資料繁雜甚至紊亂，增加不少規劃作業上之困擾，規畫結果難免受到地方政府之質疑。為解決此類問題，遂推動以地理資訊系統及運輸專業分析工具之整合性運輸地理資訊系統﹝GIST﹞，並利用網際網路達到資源共享的目的。本計畫以台灣地區五個主要生活圈﹝台北、基隆、桃園-中壢、新竹及台中﹞為範圍，蒐集現有社會、經濟資料，建立路網規劃分析模組，另併合其餘十三個生活圈建置成一個完整的運輸管理地理資訊系統資料庫。第一階段已完成35 類圖資整合建置、十一種應用模組程式開發（系統管理員、圖資編修、圖資查詢、交通特性資料查詢、運輸規劃、市區交通管制分析評估、停車場規劃、道路路廊初步研選分析評估、交通流量調查資料應用分析、非都市土地開發交通系統評估審查作業與網際網路地理資訊系統查詢）、Internet 及Intranet 系統環境建置等成果。以提供生活圈道路系統規劃、交通問題改善等相關業務一套精準、有效率且可實際運作的運輸地理資訊系統。

347. The Application of GIS On the Traffic Impact Assessment of Land Development

At the current time in Taiwan, the assessing of traffic impacts of a Land Development is almost taken by reviewing the application documents proposed by land developers. The traffic impact assessing process always took a long time and was not efficient for both government and land developers. This study is using GIS technology to develop a system for help the assesment of TIA(Traffic Impact Assessment) on Land Development. The system developed can apparently enhance the efficiency and performance in the assessment of TIA.

為增進現行土地開發之交通衝擊評估審查作業之效率，並減少人工計算之繁瑣與謬誤，本研究參照「非都市土地開發審議規範」，以及「訂定非都市土地開發住宅社區交通系統評估審查作業標準」等之交通衝擊評估審查作業規定，運用地理資訊系統技術進行「土地開發之交通衝擊評估審查作業」系統之開發。本研究以台中月眉育樂世界為示範區域，除蒐集交通基本資料及圖層資料外，亦整合專業運輸規劃軟體-TransCAD 與CORSIM，作為道路系統服務水準推估及交通改善分析之工具。本研究以地理資訊系統ArcView 為基礎平台，進行系統研發，使土地開發之交通衝擊評估審查程序，可藉由交通調查基本資料庫，進行開發計畫所衍生人車旅次推估，以及目標年道路系統服務水準評估，據以評析影響範圍內可能造成之交通衝擊情形。除此之外，並配合瓶頸路口/路段之自動化篩選，針對可能之交通瓶頸地區提早作因應及規劃，並製作出統一的改善方案報告。本研究之目的，係提供審查作業單位能較有效率的針對受審查之土地開發案件，快速的檢核與審理，以達到提昇審查作業執行之績效。

348. Optimization of Transportation Networks by Using the GIS Technique

Corridor studies are traditionally carried out based on hard-copy maps and using data contained in various publications. Such a practice is not only time-consuming, its results are questionable because of the fact that the data adopted are mostly not current and are frequently inconsistent in format and in content. A Client-Server GIS system has been developed by the Construction and Planning Administration of the Ministry of Interior and information, including environmental, geographical, social and economical data, required for corridor studies are digitized and their formats are unified in accordance with the NGIS standards. As much as possible, data are updated based on the latest information available. Factors to be used in the studies are identified with their weights determined by using the AHP method of analysis to ensure their independency. With all the parameters available, they system will automatically determine the optimum routes based on the results of cost analyses and will therefore be a valuable supportive tool in the decision-making process.

應用地理資訊系統技術於道路路廊初步研選的主要目的在於減少過去傳統規劃時，由於資訊技術仍很貧泛，其規劃時所需使用的地理資料及相關紙圖均依賴測量蒐集並繪製，不僅曠日費時，且人力及物力花費極鉅，但所測得的資料卻很有限。本研究乃針對全省18個生活圈道路系統規劃需求，整合各類地理圖資︰發展限制因素（水質水量保護區、自然保護區、風景特定區、史蹟遺址、水系及水庫）、環境敏感因素（地質災害敏感圖及地震分布圖）、地形效應因素（坡度圖及高程圖）、發展潛力因素（地質圖及土地利用圖），透過各因子權重值的設定，計算及分析成本網格與累進成本網格，從而進行較佳路徑規劃、較佳路廊規劃，系統亦容許手動選線之功能。系統中的地理圖資與各類主題資料，皆可進行三維視覺模擬檢視，對於研選之選線路段亦可執行高程剖面分析及施工成本的估算，並產製最後之成果主題圖繪製。透過地理資訊系統技術與專業工程經驗的整合，以提供規劃單位一個省時、省力的初步研選分析成果，作為後續規劃及設計時之參考。

349. Establishment of GIS Systems for Public Utilities - Standards and Applications

GIS Systems for public utilities belong to one of 9 categories in the National Geographic Information System Program (NGIS) initiated by Information Center of Ministry of Interior and are managed by the Construction and Planning Administration of the Ministry. With considerable efforts, the Administration has established national has standardized the format of digital information on public utilities and is now actively promoting the establishment of databases for public utilities. To reduce the efforts required by local governments, the Administration has also developed a prototype of GIS management system which includes four subsystems, namely, CUM301 for searching and inquiring information on general public utilities and facilities, CUM302 for permit application for installing underground utilities, CUM303 for system planning of common ducts, and CUM304 for documenting information specific to common ducts.

都會區地下公共設施管線分布複雜，而管線資料亦有長期儲存之需求，若無一套有效資訊管理機制，時日一久，不但相關資訊取得困難，未來在都市更新、工程施作必將產生極大的困擾。地理資訊系統 (Geographic Information Systems，GIS) 係管理空間資訊極佳的工具，透過GIS 電腦化有效率的管理，日後對於公共設施管線的資訊儲存及應用上將有極大的幫助。內政部營建署在完成全國通用之公共設施管線標準制度規範後，即積極向各縣市政府推廣公共管線資料庫的觀念及使用，並對未來賡續推動的共同管道規劃作業及規劃資料收集的可行方案。其實際做法即依各級縣市政府實際執行狀況，配合國土資訊標準開發『公共設施管線管理系統』，包括「公共設施管線查詢系統」、「道路申挖管理系統」、「電腦輔助共同管道規劃系統」及「共同管道查詢系統」四個子系統，將管線資訊予以系統性的收集與整合。俾利於共同管道之規劃，提高市區道路服務品質。

350. Management of Underground Utilities by GIS Technique

To reduce damages to streets as a result of frequent excavations for installing new utilities and to replace existing utilities, the County Government of Taipei initiated a project to manage information on underground utilities using the GIS technique. A comprehensive web-GIS system has been developed to compile information on existing utilities and to streamline the process of applying for new excavations on road surface. With this management system, contractors are required to submit detailed information in accordance with the given format via internet beforehand for their applications to be approved and the regulatory agencies in the county government and the subordinate city governments will be able to optimize excavations to minimize damages to the road surface. The application modules include database management, regulation of new excavations, and the use of PDA for field works. Information is shared by all the parties involved with different levels of authorization. Utility companies are now able to follow the status of their applications and all the citizens are able to visualize what is happening in their neighborhood.

臺北縣政府有鑒於道路施工及管線挖掘日趨頻繁，因此完整的道路挖掘管理及施工協調，乃為縣府施政之重點。在考量縣府之有限人力、物力下，藉由電腦科技之進步，發展完整之管線申挖管理系統，以有效提升道路管線管理效率、減少道路開挖及避免意外挖損地下管線導致危害公共安全事件已是刻不容緩。本計畫工作包含公共設施管線資料庫調查暨建置、軟硬體環境建置、完整的管線申挖管理系統開發（包含道路挖掘業務管理系統、地下管線資料庫管理系統、道路資訊便民服務系統、道路資訊查報系統）及相關教育訓練暨研討會。以期透過本計畫成果，提供縣府一完整的管線申挖管理業務系統。本計畫整合網際網路地理資訊系統及資料庫軟體，進行系統研發，特點在可於網際網路上進行即時區位劃設；引導式系統功能設計；整合圖資之更新機制；另提供PDA查報系統及便民服務的整合應用。系統開發完全與工務習慣配合，以降低推動阻力並提升親和性。除此之外，透過嚴謹的流程管控設計，訂定相關作業要點來管制相關施工單位，從外業施工至完工資料更新作一致性考量，使工程實務與系統完整結合，以真正落實管線申挖管理機制及提昇政府效能。並兼具未來管理之前瞻性。

351. The Use of Piling and Underpinning for House Protection in Deep Excavation : Case Studies from Taipei, Taiwan

The effectiveness of underpinning as a measure of building protection is discussed with case histories from the underground constructions in Taipei presented.

352. Introduction to Ground Freezing Adopted in the Construction of Chungho Line

A section of tunnel was seriously damaged during construction of the vent shaft in the Chungho Line. Ground freezing technique was adopted to seal off the opening and compressed air was applied for the tunnel to be repaired.

台北捷運中和線通風豎井在施工時發生災變，地下水湧入，周遭地盤塌陷，隧道嚴重受損。承商採用冰凍工法封住洞口，並用壓氣工法進行環片置換。本文介紹冰涷工法的理論以及在此案例之應用。

353. Mobile GIS for Traffic Studies using PDA

Application modules have been developed to enable field staff to log data during surveys for traffic studies using PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) which are ideal tools for field works because their great portability and user friendliness. The high speed central processors and large memories available make it possible to incorporate many fundamental GIS functions on modern PDA and to develop associated application modules. The application modules developed including positioning of locations of interest, graphic presentation of road systems and maps, and prompt analysis of quality level of services（LOS）. Historical data are available at finger tips so the data collected can be checked at sites and changes identified. Data collected by all the parties can readily be downloaded and integrated into the main GIS system to facilitate information sharing.

地理資訊系統技術在不斷研究、創新下，使傳統只能利用電腦作資料處理及運算的作業模式下，也能應用於現代小型的個人數位助理(PDA)作業平台，讓地理資訊系統的應用更為廣泛且便利。本研究起因於公務單位遇突發協調事件，時常無法取得相關資料，致協調時資訊不足，易生爭端。本研究提供快速的現地調查資訊，以提供公務單位即時的資訊；並進一步探討傳統交通量調查機制無法控制調查員素質及資料正確性，擬以系統設計來監控調查作業，以提供未來交通量調查的管制參考。應用地理資訊系統技術於數位助理之作業平台開發應用模組，主要目的在利用其攜帶簡便之特性，以及上傳與下載的功能，將地理資料庫與外業交通量調查依業務特性作完整的結合，讓專業工程師外出時能就現地道路建設與交通狀況，作即時性交通調查及考核查報資訊的蒐集。本研究內容包含行動地理資訊系統、交通特性調查（路型路況、服務水準、路口轉向）及調查成果上傳、下載暨查詢之整合系統開發，特點在於現地快速蒐集相關交通資料並可即時判斷服務水準及交通流量資訊，以有效掌握現地交通狀況，提供專業工程師即時判斷之參考；除此之外，亦整合PC端查詢系統綜整資料，擷取單位共享資料，以使系統考量及運作更為完整。

354. Establishment of GIS system for Transportation Networks

道路系統建設乃是提升地方生活品質及縮短城鄉差距的手段之一，亦是各地方政府極力爭取的建設項目。然而往往因各項基本資料繁雜甚至紊亂，增加不少規劃作業上之困擾，規畫結果難免受到地方政府之質疑。而其考量的項目，包含對於長期運輸需求、短期交通改善措施、停車場之興建、計畫道路之規劃以及資金來源等等。是以內政部營建署為解決此類問題，遂推動以地理資訊系統及運輸專業分析工具之整合性運輸地理資訊系統﹝GIST﹞，並利用網際網路達到資源共享的目的。本計畫以台灣地區五個主要生活圈﹝台北、基隆、桃園-中壢、新竹及台中﹞為範圍，蒐集現有社會、經濟資料，建立路網規劃分析模組，另併合其餘十三個生活圈建置成一個完整的運輸管理地理資訊系統資料庫。階段成果已完成34 類圖資整合建置、十一種應用模組程式開發（系統管理員、圖資編修、圖資查詢、交通特性資料查詢、運輸規劃、市區交通管制分析評估、停車場規劃、道路路廊初步研選分析評估、交通流量調查資料應用分析、非都市土地開發交通系統評估審查作業與網際網路地理資訊系統查詢）、Internet 及Intranet 系統環境建置等成果。以提供生活圈道路系統規劃、交通問題改善等相關業務一套精準、有效率且可實際運作的運輸地理資訊系統。

355. Prevention Measures and Case study for Soil Liquefaction

在台灣歷史記載中，曾因地震而發生液化之現象者，自1904年至1964年間，共約有12次之多(吳偉特,1979)，其實液化問題在國內學術界或工程界一直不曾被忽略，然而在921集集大地震後，更明顯地受到重視且廣泛的討論，包括液化之現象、成因、評估方法、影響因素、以及公式適用性之檢討和本土化之液化分析方法等，不同之學者專家從不同之角度切入，而提出許多值得工程界參考之研究報告和論文著作，為台灣大地工程注入一股新血。在廣泛瞭解和檢討液化之原因及分析方法外，另一方面值得工程界注意的是，面對未來仍有可能發生之液化問題，液化災害應如何加以防治？而對已發生液化而造成結構受損之結構體又應如何處置？更是目前工程界所關心者。

356. Case Study of Using Earth Buttress Walls to Rehabilitate Slopes of Interbedded Sandstones and Mudstones

357. Applicability of Soil Nail and Case Study

The soil nails were first designed and installed in field in France. Because of their advantages in construction efficiency, cost, and application in both temporary as well as permanent structures, soil nails have been used for various stabilization purposes and the technology has been significantly advanced since their first application. In addition to the use in earth retaining structures, soil nails have been designed for the slope stabilization in public civil works. This paper presents the advantages of using soil nails for slope stabilization and the application restrictions. An example was used to demonstrate the design methodology.

土釘工法最初由法國開始使用，由於工法之便利及經濟性與可作為臨時或永久結構物之特性，其應用範圍與規模有愈來愈廣的趨勢。除常見使用於擋土設施之設計外，於國內公共工程之設計中土釘工法亦有作為邊坡穩定的案例。本文主要除簡介土釘作為邊坡穩定工法之優點及其運用之限制外，將以國內某工程為例介紹所使用之設計分析方法，作為工程界進行相關設計時之參考。

358. Geotechnical History of the Development of the Second Bangkok International Airport

359. Design Consideration of Pile Foundations of Taiwan High Speed Rail Project

The alignment of Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR) passes through the Pa-Kua Mountain of southwestern plain in southern Taiwan. The geological condition in the region consists of weak and compressible alluvial deposits in the upper soil strata. Over twenty thousands number of 1.5 to 2.5m large diameter bored piles with lengths of 50 to 60 m were constructed to support the viaducts and bridges of the rail. The area of this study is in the southern part of THSR alignment from TK188 to TK343 with an approximate 155 km length. This paper focuses on some of the special technical features which have to be considered in the design of pile foundations, including effects of particular site conditions, pile group effects, lateral resistance of pile cap and flow slide of liquefiable soil etc. For foundation design, significant efforts have been placed on soil-pile interaction (p-y, t-z and q-w relationships) through verification and calibration of models from pile load tests. The pullout resistance of piles was also studied to a great extent based on full-scale pullout testing.

台灣高速鐵路自八卦山以南路線所經為台灣西南部平原區。表層地層屬鬆軟具高壓縮性及低承載力之近代沖積層，故設計上均採高架橋由樁基礎支承。基樁數量超過20000 支，平均樁長約為50 至60 公尺，設計之樁徑大部份在1.5 至2.5 公尺之間，屬於大口徑之鑽掘樁。本文說明高速鐵路工程南部段自里程TK188 至TK343長約155 公里之樁基礎設計幾項特別詳加考量的因素包括特殊地盤效應、群樁效應、樁帽側向阻抗以及土壤液化地層滑移等等。基本上樁基礎分析屬土壤與基樁互制之行為分析，本文藉由前期載重試驗結果探討樁身向上之土壤抗拉拔力與樁身向下之土壤正摩擦力的比例，亦說明由試驗結果所得到之土壤 p-y 曲線，t-z 曲線及 q-w 曲線如何應用於樁基礎設計，期能將設計分析經驗供爾後類似工程參考。

360. Anisotropic Consolidation Behavior of Soft Bangkok Clay

The anisotropic consolidation behavior of soft Bangkok clay is investigated by means of constant rate of strain consolidation tests with vertical and radial drainage conditions. Conventional oedometer tests were performed to verify the results of constant rate of strain consolidation tests in the vertical flow condition. Better-defined compression curves were obtained from the CRS tests, resulting in better estimation of preconsolidation pressure. A new method of determining the preconsolidation pressure based on the pore pressure ratio gave values close to those obtained from the Casagrande construction of compression curves. The results of CRS tests under different drainage conditions indicated that soft Bangkok clay is slightly anisotropic, with the ratio of coefficients of consolidation and permeability in the horizontal to vertical directions of about unity at in-situ stress. The difference increases with increasing stress due to stress-induced anisotropy of the soil.

361. Strength and Deformation Behavior of Soft Bangkok Clay

The influence of stress history and stress state during consolidation and shearing were studied experimentally under undrained triaxial compression and extension modes, by using the Recompression and SHANSEP techniques. In the SHANSEP tests, the samples were consolidated to a vertical consolidation stress of about 1.5 to 2 times of the preconsolidation pressure under Ko consolidation condition, followed by swelling to required overconsolidation ratio before subjecting to undrained shear. Whereas in the Recompression technique, the samples were directly consolidation to in situ effective stress before undrained shearing, the volumetric strains of the reconsolidation were less than 2%, indicating relatively reasonable sampling quality. From the undrained shear results, the Recompression tests give higher undrained shear strength than estimated from SHANSEP tests by about 28%, indicating that some destructuring of soil structure may have occurred in the SHANSEP tests due to large vertical deformation during consolidation. Consequently, the undrained shear strength and the undrained modulus obtained from the SHANSEP tests were much lower.

362. Constant Rate of Strain Consolidation with Radial drainage

This paper describes a method of determining the consolidation characteristics of soft Bangkok clay under the radial drainage condition by using a newly developed constant rate of strain (CRS) consolidometer. A new formulation for this type of test was proposed. A series of constant rate-of-strain consolidation tests were compared to the results of oedometer tests. The pore water pressure distribution across the specimen in the CRS tests was estimated from measurements made at two locations. The results agreed well with the theoretical solution. A simple method of estimating the preconsolidation pressure by means of the pore water pressure ratio is also proposed. Because the tests conducted at different strain rates indicate that apparent preconsolidation pressure increases with strain rate, it is believed that secondary compression occurred during primary consolidation for this clay. The consolidation characteristics, including coefficient of consolidation and coefficient of permeability, in the vertical and horizontal directions were also compared.

363. Vane Shear Behavior of Soft Bangkok Clay

The field vane shear test is one of the most common in situ tests to obtain the undrained shear strength of soft clay. Uncoupling of the torque generated by the soil resistance along the vertical and horizontal planes of the vane has been done by conducting conventional direct shear test and newly developed vertical direct shear test on the soil. From the shear stress-displacement relationship of the direct shear tests, simple analysis is performed to simulate the field vane behavior at various depths. The results of the simulation agree well with those obtained from the field vane tests on soft Bangkok clay. The conventional method of computing the undrained shear strength of the field vane shear based on the maximum torque is close to the equivalent average value from the shear box tests. A special laboratory triaxial vane apparatus was also used to study the shearing behavior of the soft clay with the capability of Ko-consolidating the sample before conducting the vane shear test. The results of the triaxial vane tests were also compared with the predictions. The predicted torque values are lower than the experimental data for the same angle of rotation.

364. Horizontal Coefficient of Consolidation of Soft Bangkok Clay

This paper presents the results of the coefficient of consolidation in the horizontal direction determined from the laboratory and the field through testing, along with back analysis from settlement measurement of embankment constructed with prefabricated vertical drains at the Suvarnabhumi Airport site in Bangkok. Constant rate of strain consolidation tests with radial drainage and standard oedometer tests were conducted to provide the consolidation characteristics of soft Bangkok clay. A 20-mm piezoprobe was used to measure the pore water pressure dissipation characteristics of the soft clay in the field, and the corresponding horizontal coefficients of consolidation were estimated based on established theory. The test results, such as the horizontal coefficients of consolidation and permeability, were compared with back analysis of the constructed runway embankment based on Asaoka method. The results show very good agreement in both horizontal coefficients of consolidation and permeability obtained from different testing methods and back analysis, implying the reliability of the testing methods adopted.

365. Flooding of A Working Shaft during Construction of Taipei MRT

A tunnel was seriously damaged when the portal was enlarged for the installation of the flexible joint. Water spurted at the invert and the flow soon became uncontrollable. The shaft had to be flooded to balance the groundwater pressure. A total of 23 segments of the tunnel lining were damaged and had to be replaced. Freezing was first carried out to seal off the opening so the water in the shaft could be drained and the shaft could be cleaned. Freezing was again carried out to form a tubular shelter to surround the damaged section of tunnel for the segments to be replaced subsequently. Described in this paper are the sequence of events and the remedial works taken. Also described herein are the legal aspects of the case.

366. Geotechnical Issues of Some Major Infrastructure Developments in Taiwan

Geotechnical engineering plays a vital role in construction of any major infrastructure projects, particularly when the constructions are located in areas with soft ground conditions. The challenge in solving various types of problem enables geotechnical engineers to accumulate experience and sharpen their skills, also offers geotechnical engineers opportunities to contribute their knowledge and wisdom. This paper illustrates the importance of geotechnical engineering in construction of three major infrastructure projects recently carried out in Taiwan. They include the Taipei Rapid Transit System (TRTS), Underground Tunnel Under An Airport, and the Taiwan High Speed Railway.

367. Study on the Mechanisms to Integrate Rail Transportation and Land Development

Due to its convenience, speed and environmental-friendly nature, rail transportation system will offer the chance to induce high-density development along its corridor. In return, high-density development along the corridor will create more passengers for the system to make its investment more viable. But in conventional feasibility study, the benefit of land development is regarded as external benefit. Even in the feasibility study for private participation, the financial plan of land development is separated from that of core business. Thus the effect of integration between rail transportation and land development didn’t receive proper attention. According to experience of other countries, the said integrated could be achieved through proper policy, organization or planning to balance the commuting convenience and livability expected by the people and efficiency of infrastructure investment. This paper has selected three cases in other countries for studying their policy, organization and planning. Special features in these cases are highlighted as reference for feasibility study in domestic rail transportation project.

由於便捷、快速及環保的特性，軌道運輸系統有機會帶動沿線地區高強度的發展，相對沿線地區高強度的發展可以為軌道運輸系統帶來大量的乘客，提高投資的可行性。但是以往在傳統的計畫可行性研究中多將土地開發的效益列為外部效益，即使在促進民間參與公共建設可行性研究時也將土地開發的財務計畫與本業的財務計畫分開，以致兩者結合的加成效果未能得到應有的關注。根據國外的經驗兩者是可以透過政策、組織或者規劃的運用促成結合，使大眾冀望的交通便利及生活品質與公共建設的投資效能達到平衡，因此本文特就國外三個案例所採取的政策、組織或者規劃加以探討，並分析其特點以供國內辦理軌道運輸系統可行性研究的參考。

368. Application of Geotechnical Instruments for Safety Control in Basement Construction Works

Instrumentation plays an important role in the underground construction activities near sensitive properties. It is advisable to monitor any soil movements or any changes in the soil stress conditions around the excavation zones and also the behavior of the retaining system and adjacent properties during excavation to ensure the safety of excavation and satisfactory performance. However, proper planning of instrumentation program and qualified interpretation of monitoring results by competent geotechnical engineer are essential in ensuring the effectiveness of the monitoring system, the accuracy/validity of the monitoring results and the proper action in preventing possible damage. This paper describes the planning and application of instrumentation system for basement construction works. The importance of installation and maintenance works and the application of engineering judgment in the interpretation/verification of monitoring results are also discussed.

369. Management of Geological Information in Taiwan

The Central Geological Survey launched a project to compile information on geology and mapping of potential geological hazards, including debris flows, landslides, abandoned mines, erosion of river banks, etc. The project is to be completed in 5 years. A web-GIS system is established to facilitate information sharing.

370. Geotechnical Issues in Design and Construction of Viaducts of the Taiwan High Speed Rail

With a total length of 345 km and an estimated construction cost of US$15 billions, the Taiwan High Speed Rail Project is considered to be one of the largest BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) projects in the world. The route of the Rail runs through the populated west coast of Taiwan Island and links the City of Taipei at its northern end and City of Kaohsiung at its southern end. The geological conditions along the route vary tremendously, from rocky mountains in the north to thick sedimentary deposits in the south and, as a result, the northern section is constructed mostly by cut-and-fill, with bridges and tunnels, while the southern section is mostly elevated. Discussed herein are some major geotechnical issues in the design and construction of viaducts in the southern section with considerations primarily given to pile load tests, negative skin friction on piles, land subsidence, scouring and protection of riverbed, etc. Furthermore, as the route crosses three active faults, soil liquefaction potential and characteristics of ground motions have significant influences on the design of piles and are also discussed

371. Cross-National Practice for Consultants

With the globalization of the world economy, practice of engineering consultants crossing national boundaries become more and more often and popular. This is particularly true for engineering consultants from developed countries to expand their practices into less developed or more so under-developed countries. Many of these cross-country practices were, in the past, in the form of aids or loans. Due to the uniqueness of geotechnical engineering, comparing with other disciplines of engineering, cross-national practice of geotechnical consultants has its own problems. This paper attempts to discuss briefly some of the key issues related to this subject.

372. Design of A Special Bridge for Taiwan High Speed Rail Project Lot C296

Because of the lightweight nature of steel structure, the steel bridge of DU-108 is adopted to cross the No. 1 Provincial Highway for 90 m long span, and it performs well as the concrete bridges for all the functional requirements of HSR. Various aspects in analysis and design are carried out for the special bridges, such as dynamic analysis of rolling stock, track-structure interaction, fatigue stress check etc., besides the anti-seismic consideration and stringent functional requirements of the HSR.

373. Response of Gravelly Layers to Compaction Grouting

Compaction grouting has been adopted in Contracts CT201A, CH218, CH219, CH221 and CC275 of Taipei Rapid Transit Systems as a measure of correcting ground settlements. This paper discussed the results obtained in trials and analyse the mechanism of ground heave.

台北都會區捷運系統施工期間，曾在淡水線之CT201A、新店線之CH218、CH219、CH221 及中和線之CC275 標等五施工標使用擠壓灌漿工法作為鄰近建築物之保護措施，並在正式施作之前，依照規範要求先作試灌以驗證其效益。前四標是在松山第五及第六次層中施作，在本文中僅引用其結果，以為佐証。CC275 標之擠壓灌漿是在堅硬礫石層中施作，而且最深達15m，其結果與其他四標大不相同，是本文討論之重點。本文綜合各標驗證試驗之結果以分析土壤特性、施作方式對擠壓灌漿成效之影響，並分析土體反應模式及上舉機制。

374. Design Consideration of Bridge Pile Foundations Taiwan High Speed Rail

The alignment of Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR) passes through the Pa-Kua Mountain of southwestern plain in southern Taiwan. The geological condition in the region consists of weak and compressible alluvial deposits in the upper soil strata. Over twenty thousands number of 1.5 to 2.5m large diameter bored piles with lengths of 50 to 60 m were constructed to support the viaducts and bridges of the rail. The area of this study is in the southern part of THSR alignment from TK188 to TK343 with an approximate 155 km length. This paper focuses on some of the special technical features which have to be considered in the design of pile foundations, including effects of particular site conditions, pile group effects, lateral resistance of pile cap and flow slide of liquefiable soil etc. For foundation design, significant efforts have been placed on soil-pile interaction (p-y, t-z and q-w relationships) through verification and calibration of models from pile load tests. The pullout resistance of piles was also studied to a great extent based on full-scale pullout testing.

台灣高速鐵路自八卦山以南路線所經為台灣西南部平原區。表層地層屬鬆軟具高壓縮性及低承載力之近代沖積層，故設計上均採高架橋由樁基礎支承。基樁數量超過20000 支，平均樁長約為50 至60 公尺，設計之樁徑大部份在1.5 至2.5 公尺之間，屬於大口徑之鑽掘樁。本文說明高速鐵路工程南部段自里程TK188 至TK343長約155 公里之樁基礎設計幾項特別詳加考量的因素包括特殊地盤效應、群樁效應、樁帽側向阻抗以及土壤液化地層滑移等等。基本上樁基礎分析屬土壤與基樁互制之行為分析，本文藉由前期載重試驗結果探討樁身向上之土壤抗拉拔力與樁身向下之土壤正摩擦力的比例，亦說明由試驗結果所得到之土壤 p-y 曲線，t-z 曲線及 q-w 曲線如何應用於樁基礎設計，期能將設計分析經驗供爾後類似工程參考。

375. A Case Study of In-Situ Pumping Test

A pumping test project for a tunnel in Lin-Ko area was studied. Dewatering is required to reduce the risk of tunneling since the groundwater is higher than the invert of tunnel. Because the boundary conditions of aquifer along this 6.4 km long tunnel are quite different, two pumping tests were performed respectively in the south portal and the middle section of tunnel to understand the hydrogeological condition and influence radius of pumping. Neuman method and Cooper-Jacob method were used in hydraulic parameter analysis with condition of free aquifer and confined aquifer, respectively. The test results indicated the hydraulic parameters from two different locations and not identical. Therefore, in-situ pumping tests are essential to determine dewatering schemes in Lin-Ko area. The arrangement of dewatering wells was briefly described in this paper which can be used as a reference for well establishment on site.

本文主要探討台灣北部林口地區某工程隧道基地之抽水試驗案例，本工程因地下水位高度較隧道開挖斷面為高，故於工程進行期間必須進行降水工作，以降低隧道開挖之風險。本隧道長度約6.4 公里，通過之含水層邊界情況不盡相同，故分別於隧道南端出口與中段進行兩次抽水試驗，以實際了解現場地下水理環境，並對於抽水影響半徑進行討論。依據含水層邊界情況，分別採用適用於自由含水層邊界之 Neuman 標準曲線法與適用於侷限含水層之Cooper-Jacob 線性回歸法進行水理參數分析。分析結果顯示，隧道通過地層之水理特性並不盡相同，顯示於林口地區不同工址進行降水工程時，必須實際進行抽水試驗工作，以掌握地下水理特性，提供降水配井作業之依據。本文同時亦針對水井建置原則進行概述，以提供現場進行水井鑿設之參考。

376. Taiwan High Speed Rail Project Design Consideration for Viaduct Cross/Near Active Faults

377. Taipei Airport underpass Project & Endless Advanced Method (ESA) Application Instruction

台北市之南北向交通因松山機場之阻隔而無法暢通，因此台北市政府而有興建復興北路穿越松山機場地下道工程之計劃，以期疏通雙溪、大直及內湖地區進入台北市東區之交通。本計劃之地下道南起復興北路與民族東路口，以地下道方式穿越松山機場，至機場北側濱江街與大直橋頭交接之現有平面道路銜接，在此有限之距離內，降入地下後再往上爬昇，以致主體結構在通過機場跑道處之覆蓋只有4 公尺，且必須不影響機場的營運下完成此一工程，在工程技術上是為一項嚴峻的挑戰。在施工中須維持機場之營運並確保飛航安全之前提下，工程之計劃與執行，也就更顯出其重要性。為此，本文除對本工程之概要做一說明外，並對如何經由施工方案的選擇以確立技術層面的可靠度與可行性，規劃特殊工法執行，順利完成世界首座在機場繼續營運狀況下穿越跑道之地下隧道工程，可以作為爾後類似工程的參考。

378. Prediction of Ground Settlements due to Deep Excavations

Effects of ground settlements on adjacent structures have been a critical issue in deep excavations in urban areas. Empirical methods commonly adopted in the past cannot always give reasonable predictions on maximum settlements or settlement troughs. As computers and computer software become more and more popular, engineers nowadays tend to rely more and more on advanced numerical analyses together with comprehensive soil models for predicting the performance of deep excavations. This study uses a simplified method developed by Jen(1998) for predicting ground settlements due to deep excavations in Taipei. The method is founded on a sound analytical framework and has been validated by many projects in Boston area. Since cohesive deposits in Taipei are lean sensitive clay with properties similar to those of the Boston Blue Clay, the method has been used in two excavations in Taipei to see whether it is equally applicable to the Taipei deposits. Reasonable results were obtained leading to the conclusion that the method is not only good for the Boston area but may also be suitable for other areas. However, it is noted that certain parameters used have to be adjusted to suit local ground conditions.

379. Ground Movement Analysis of Pipe Roof Construction in Soft Clay

The pipe roofing method has been widely recognized as an alternative for tunnel construction in urban areas to reduce adverse effects on underground utilities and ground surface activities. In those tunneling projects through various geological formations using pipe roofing method, the assessment of ground movement in soft clay is the most endeavoring engineering exercise. The soil behavior, pipe roof characteristics, and construction sequence have significant influence on the ground movement in the tunnel construction. In this paper, the methodology of ground movement assessment for pipe roofing method in soft clay is introduced. The key factors concerning settlement from soil behavior, pipe roof characteristics, and construction are identified. In addition, the monitoring data from the vehicle tunnel construction with pipe roofing method along the Fuhsing North Road passing through the Taipei International Airport is used for validation of this methodology.

380. Long-term Safety and Corrosion of Pre-stressed Ground Anchors

隨著交通建設與城市建設的迅速發展，預應力錨桿（索）長久以來除大量使用於基坑開挖臨時支保外，近十年來更普遍作為長期結構使用於邊坡穩定與治理及結構物之抗浮穩定上。本文將針對預應力錨桿（索）作為永久結構物使用時，討論可能於設計施工及檢測上發生的長期安全與腐蝕問題。

381. Geotechnical Services and Safety Management for Underground Constructions

Geotechnical engineering plays an important role in underground construction, particularly for MRT systems which usually are constructed in cities with poor ground conditions. It is important to engage competent geotechnical engineers to safeguard the works and adjacent structures. This paper discusses the roles the Geotechnical Engineering Specialty Consultant played during the construction of the Initial Network of TRTS.

由於人口的持續增長，而可用的土地有限，加上環保意識抬頭，限制了許多環境敏感地區的使用，所以城巿發展只有上天及下地以爭取生存空間，減少因人口增長所帶來的生活壓力。近廿年來，超高大樓如雨後春筍般地出現，而地下空間的發展也逐漸受到重視，尤其是為了疏解交通，地鐵路網更在各大城巿陸續興建，為土木工程師創造發展契機。然而往往由於土質鬆軟，地稠人密，管線密佈，在城巿進行地下工程的複雜性及困難度相當地高，如不謹慎從事極易發生災變，造成生命及財產損失。岩土工程師身為地下工程之要角，身無旁貸必須為地下工程之安全把關。但由於地下工程不確定因素太多，許多疑難雜症有賴經驗豐富的資深工程師判斷。尤其是地鐵系統的興建常有國內外公司參與，設計理念及施工水平相當分歧，必須使其一致，所以新加坡地鐵工程局及臺北地鐵工程局都聘有岩土專業顧問在整個規劃、設計及施工過程中提供諮詢服務，除促進工程本體的安全以及加強鄰近結構體的保護外，亦有助於經驗之彙整及傳承。有鑒於地鐵工程災變規模之大、後果之嚴重，岩土專業顧問之重要性不言而喻。

382. Protection System to the Neighbouring Buildings in Taipei Metro

台北地鐵初期路網自1997年起陸續完工通車，現已成為大台北地區極為重要的大眾交通工具，有效紓解了尖峰時段的地面交通流量，對區域交通環境的改善有顯著的貢獻。由於初期路線多屬地下隧道段，於台北盆地深厚之軟弱土層中進行深開挖或盾構隧道構築時，在都會區高度開發的限制下，地下空間的使用及工程技術受到很大的挑戰；特別是地下工程之施工常伴隨發生鄰近地盤位移、鄰近結構物之沈降、傾斜等損鄰情形。本文係對台北地鐵地下工程的鄰房保護體系作一概述，包括台北盆地地質特性、鄰房保護措施、損鄰後的爭議處理程序及計價方式等。

383. An Introduction to Design and Analysis of Pipe Roof in Soft Clay

The pipe roofing method has been widely accepted as an auxiliary technique or one of the alternatives for tunnel construction in urban areas to minimize the impact on activities and facilities on the ground surface as well as to reduce adverse effects on underground utilities. In those tunneling projects through soft clay where the requirements for ground deformation and surface settlements are stringent, design of pipe roof as well as excavation sequence and supporting systems are the keys to a successful project execution. This paper serves as a general guide for the design and analysis of tunneling through soft clay with pipe roofing method. The monitoring data from the vehicle tunnel construction with pipe roofing method along the Fuhsing North Road passing through the Taipei International Airport is used to validate the presented design and analytical method.

都會區內隧道施工時為降低對地面活動及其他地面下設施與管線之影響，使用管幕工法作為輔助工法已廣泛為工程界接受並成為選擇方案之一。對於軟弱粘土中使用管幕工法，並且於土體變形及地表沉陷之要求較為嚴格的工程中，其管幕設計及管幕內開挖支撐之施工順序與步驟，影響工程成敗甚鉅。分析評估土體變形及地表沉陷，符合設計條件要求，為工程設計及分析上之挑戰。本文介紹於軟弱粘土中設計與分析管幕工法之要點及方法，並以台北市復興北路穿越松山機場車行地下道工程中管幕隧道段之監測結果進行回饋分析，驗證設計與分析之結果。

384. Risk management and insurance for constructions

The risks involved in the constructions of mass rapid transit systems are discussed and methodology for evaluating these risks is introduced. Furthermore, the approaches to minimize construction risks are recommended.

本文介紹地鐵工程風險評估模式、影響施工安全的因子、以及減少工程風險的措施。

385. Ground Freezing for Restoration of Damaged Tunnels of Taipei Rapid Transit Systems

Two tunnels in the Panchio Line of the Taipei Rapid Transit Systems were seriously damaged due to the ingress of a large quantity of water from an underlying gravelly stratum into the working shaft during construction. A sinkhole of thousands cubic meters in volume was made outside the shaft and the shaft was totally flooded. Ground freezing was adopted to seal up the portals so the damaged tunnels could be restored. The case history proves that ground freezing is an effective measure for restoring damaged tunnels of a similar nature.

台北都會區地下土層軟弱而且複雜，其下方為透水性極佳且儲水量豐富之卵礫石層，地下工程施工之風險相當的高。在台北捷運初期路網興建期間，幾個重大災變都肇因於卵礫石層中的地下水大量湧入開挖區或地下結構物所致。本文介紹之這起災變發生於台北捷運板橋線新店溪西岸之通風豎井A，除井內湧入大量土砂和地下水，兩部潛盾機及後方台車全遭到淹埋，隧道環片受破壞外，同時亦造成了豎井外廣達五千平方公尺的地表沉陷。為修復更換受損之隧道環片，在經過詳細評估後應用了冰凍工法，成功地封住水路。此實際經驗顯示，冰凍工法如果運用得宜，確能有效地處理此種高風險之隧道修復工程。

386. Planning of electronic tolling system for freeways in Taiwan

An electronic toll collection system is to be implemented on freeways. This paper discusses how the system works. It will be implemented in 2 phases. In the first phase, a few lanes at each toll place are to be converted to electronic tolling while manual tolling is still available. In the second phase, toll booths will be removed and vehicles may travel freely on freeways. Furthermore, tolls will be based on the distances traveled.

台灣高速公路自1974年7月開始收費，目前（2004年8月）在編號為國道1號及國道3號之兩條高速公路上，設有22個收費站，每年通過收費站的車次將近5億次，通行費收入近新台幣200億元。收費方式有回數票、及找零兩種方式。持回數票繳費過站時間已縮短至3.7秒，每車道每小時可通900輛，為人工收費之極限，但仍無法滿足更優質收費服務之需求。為提升效率、降低成本、並為未來智慧型運輸系統建立基礎，高速公路局規劃以民間參與方式推動自動化電子收費，在2003年2月遴選及委託總顧問進行規劃及招商作業。經過招商及甄審過程，台灣高速公路局(以下簡稱高公局)於2004年4月27日與遠東電子收費公司正式簽約，隨即展開系統建置作業。建置及營運契約之特許期間一共20年。為減少對用路人所造成之不便，電子收費之將分為兩階段推動。第一階段仍維持計次收費方式，但將現有收費站的部分車道由人工收費改為電子收費，在電子收費的利用率達到65%時，才進入第二階段。第二階段將全面採用「多車道、自由流」的電子收費方式，並按里程計費，達到「走多少、付多少」公平付費的目標。

387. Site Investigation and Geotechnical Failures

Site investigation is normally required and carried out prior to the commencement of design of a construction project. Due to lack of or inadequacy of guide/code requirement regarding the extent as well as quality of site investigation work, geotechnical failures often occurred. These failures sometime led to catastrophic disaster and imposed serious threat to public safety. This paper gives a brief review of the code requirements and current practice in several countries in the region, including Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. Three case histories are presented to illustrate the problems of poor ground investigation, inadequate knowledge of site condition, and importance of geotechnical supervision.

388. Planning and Design of City Common Duct System

Common ducts are one of the most important issues in management of underground space in cities. A well functioning common duct system can only be built with integrated planning work considering the development of city, careful engineering design in multi-disciplines, and quality construction work. The common duct system can improve the quality of living in cities, integrate the use of underground space, and mitigate the disaster impact to cities. The underground utility lines are however complicated and vary in characteristics. The depths and structure dimensions are also different. The network, reserved space, and structure of common duct system should be carefully assessed in planning stage with the forecast of city development. The major issues in planning and design of common duct system are introduced in this paper.

共同溝之設置為現代化城市地下空間利用的重要課題之一。良好的共同溝工程須經由完善之規劃程序，配合都市發展的需要，結合跨領域之工程專業設計及高質量之施工作業方可完成。共同溝除可提升城市居民之生活品質，亦兼具防災與整合城市地下空間使用及管理之效能。然地下管線種類眾多且特性各異，埋設深度與結構尺寸不同，配合都市發展所需共同溝之佈設方式、密度與預設空間及結構形式皆須於規劃設計時縝密考量。本文將介紹都市共同溝規劃設計之流程與方法及考量重點。

389. An Overview of the New Trend of Geotechnical Code Development

Uncertainties are encountered in all the phases (site investigation, design, and construction stages) of a geotechnical project. Geotechnical engineering have recognized the inherent variability of the main materials (soils and rocks) of focus since the advent of soil mechanics. Traditionally in engineering design, the uncertainties were considered implicitly through use of a global factor of safety. This approach suffers a major drawback that the level of reduced risks is not consistent even the same factor of safety is used for a given type of structure. To overcome this drawback and to take the uncertainty into account in an explicit way, a rational approach is to incorporate probability theory and reliability analysis into analysis and design. This paper examined the shortcomings embedded in the traditional design approach, illustrated the superiority of reliability-based design (also limit state design), and explored the worldwide trend in development of new geotechnical design codes. These observations will help address the Taiwanese geotechnical community the impact of the new code format and the need for involvement in this subject area.

大地工程從地質調查、分析設計到施工階段，都遇到土層變異、參數選擇和分析模式不確定性(model uncertainty)的問題。這些工程問題不確定性之處理，傳統上期望以單一的安全係數(Factor of Safety, FS)來完全涵蓋，實質上，這些不確定因素並未能被直接評估及呈現。目前能處理工程問題不確定性之較佳的設計方法之一為可靠度設計(Reliability-Based Design, RBD)，而此也為近期大地工程設計規範之新趨勢。本文先討論傳統規範的設計概念來探討現行設計方法對安全及經濟效益掌握的弱點，進而在極限設計法(Limit State Design, LSD)的架構下，說明為何以可靠度為基礎的設計較佳較合理。透過了解各國目前在新設計規範上所做的努力，以認知這個新趨勢將對台灣大地工程界的衝擊，並思考所需的準備及未來需努力的發展方向。

390. The Future Freeway Toll Collection System

Toll collection on freeways started in July, 1974. Currently there are all together a total of 22 toll plazas on Freeways 1 and 3 with 500 millions passages each year and an annual income of NT$ 20 billions. Travelers may either pay cash or coupons upon passing. The time for coupon transactions can be as short as 3.7 seconds and each coupon lane can cope with 900 cars per hour. This is the maximum capacity for manual collection. However, the inconvenience caused is still a nuisance to travelers. To improve its services and to reduce personnel costs, the Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau engaged General Consultant in February, 2003 to launch a project for the establishment of the electronic toll collection system on all the freeways. The project is to be a build-operate-transfer project financed by private fund. It will serve as the foundation of future intelligent transportation system. The contract was won by Far Eastern Consortium and a new company, Far Eastern Electronic Toll Collection Co., Ltd., was formed for the implementation of the project. The signing of contract between TANFB and FETC on 27 April, 2004 is an important milestone in the history of toll collection. The concession period is 20 years. To minimize the disturbance to travelers, the transfer from manual tolling to electronic tolling is to be carried out in 2 stages. In the first stage, some of the toll lanes at the plazas will be converted to facilitate electronic tolling while the rest of lanes will remain as manual toll lanes. Once the number of users of electronic tolling reaches 65% of the total, toll plazas will be removed and cars will be able to travel on freeways freely. Furthermore, travelers will be charged based on distances traveled.

台灣高速公路自民國63年7月開始收費。目前（93年5月）在國道1號及國道3號高速公路上設有22個收費站，每年通過收費站的車次將近5億次，通行費收入近新台幣200億元。收費方式有回數票及找零兩種方式。持回數票繳費過站時間已縮短至3.7秒，每車道每小時可通900輛，為人工收費之極限，但停車繳費難免為人詬病。為提升效率、降低成本、並為未來智慧型運輸系統建立基礎，國道高速公路局(以下簡稱高公局)規劃以民間參與的方式推動自動化電子收費，在92年2月委託總顧問進行規劃作業。經過招商及甄審過程，高公局於93年4月27日與遠東電子收費公司正式簽訂建置營運契約，隨即展開系統建置作業，高速公路收費作業從此邁入新頁。建置及營運契約之特許期間一共20年。為減少對用路人所造成之不便，電子收費將分為兩階段推動。在第一階段仍維持計次收費方式，但將現有收費站的部分車道由人工收費改為電子收費，在電子收費的利用率達到65%後，才進入第二階段。第二階段將全面採用「多車道、自由流」的電子收費方式，並按里程計費，達到「走多少、付多少」公平付費的目標。

391. Risk Assessment for Subway Constructions

The risks involved in the constructions of mass rapid transit systems are discussed and methodology for evaluating these risks is introduced. Furthermore, the approaches to minimize construction risks are recommended.

風險管理在土木工程界尚在萌芽階段，有賴學術界及工程界共同推動。本文以地鐵工程為例介紹風險評估之概念及作法。由於統計資料欠缺，目前無法進行量化分析，僅能列舉地鐵工程的工程風險以及風因子，以為日後發展風險管理體系之參考。

392. A Case Study on Time-Dependent Displacement of Diaphragm Wall Induced by Creep of Soft Clay

This paper presents a case study on time-dependent displacement of diaphragm wall induced by creep of soft clay during excavation. Results show that increment of the maximum wall displacement reaches 70%-80% of its final magnitude in 5-6 days and becomes stable beyond 10 days after the completion of excavation. This final increment amounts to approximately 10%-20% of the maximum immediate displacement. The time rate of increment of the maximum wall displacement, increases with excavation depth, whereas the displacement ratio, decreases with excavation depth after the completion of the 2nd excavation stage. Finally, the maximum increment of wall displacement takes place at a depth of approximately 4 to 5 meters below the bottom of excavation except for the 1st stage.

本文藉由軟弱粘土層深開挖工程案例，探討開挖靜置期間粘土潛變引致之壁體變位依時行為。本工程案例之研究結果顯示，靜置5至6天後壁體最大變位之增量已達最終穩定值之70%至80%，超過10天後即趨近穩定值，約為最大立即變位量之10%至20%。最大變位之增量速率隨開挖深度增加而增加，但最大變位之增量比於第二階開挖後則隨開挖深度增加而遞減。值得注意的是，除第一階開挖以外，最大之變位增量大多發生於開挖面下方約4至5公尺處。